Características e diagnóstico laboratorial das infecções causadas pelo hantavírus: revisão integrativa / Characteristics and laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by hantavirus: integrative review

A hantavirose é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial que utiliza como vetores roedores, musaranhos, toupeiras e morcegos. Os sintomas da infecção pelo hantavírus assemelham-se aos de diversas doenças, por isso o diagnóstico laboratorial é crucial para o tratamento precoce. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre as características e diagnóstico laboratorial da hantavirose. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura com base no modelo PRISMA, com seleção de estudos nas bases de dados Portal de Periódicos da Capes, PubMed/Medline, SciELO, ScienceDirect e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Foram empregados os descritores: hantavírus, diagnóstico laboratorial, exames e zoonose, em português e inglês, no período de 2015 a 2022, sendo selecionados 19 artigos científicos em atendimento aos critérios de inclusão. Resultados e Discussão: Diversas técnicas diagnósticas podem ser empregadas em casos de hantavirose, sendo a biologia molecular a mais empregada, conjuntamente com a imunologia. Há outros recursos utilizados para monitoramento e evolução da doença, como a bioquímica, a hematologia e a imagenologia. Para a ocorrência de hantavirose é necessário um ambiente propício, clima específico e contato com hospedeiro suscetível, podendo evoluir para quadros assintomáticos ou sintomáticos com complicações graves. Conclusão: O diagnóstico dessa doença é desafiador e requer investigação detalhada que inclua a sintomatologia do paciente, o histórico de exposição a animais reservatórios e os resultados de exames laboratoriais. Como desfechos negativos da hantavirose incluem-se a febre hemorrágica com síndrome renal, a síndrome pulmonar por hantavírus e o óbito

Hantavirus is a worldwide distributed zoonosis that uses rodents, shrews, moles and bats as vectors. The symptoms of hantavirus infection resemble those of many diseases, so laboratory diagnosis is crucial for early treatment. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct a literature review on the characteristics and laboratory diagnosis of hantavirus. Methods: This is an integrative literature review based on the PRISMA model, with a selection of studies in the Capes Portal de Periódicos, PubMed/Medline, SciELO, ScienceDirect and Virtual Health Library databases, using the descriptors: hantavirus, laboratory diagnosis, exams, and zoonosis, in portuguese and english, from 2015 to 2022, and nineteen scientific articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Results and Discussion: Several techniques can be used in cases of hantavirus, with molecular biology being the most evidenced along with immunology. There are other parameters that are used for monitoring and evolution of the disease, such as biochemistry, hematology, and imaging. For the hantavirus disease, an adequate environment, specific climate and contact with a susceptible host are necessary, which may lead to asymptomatic conditions or symptoms with more serious complications. Conclusion: The diagnosis of this disease is challenging and requires detailed investigation that includes the patient's symptoms, the history of exposure to reservoir animals and the results of laboratory tests. Negative outcomes of hantavirus infection include hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and death

Modelamiento del síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus / Modeling of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus es una enfermedad causada por un virus perteneciente al orden bunyanvirales, y transmitida hacia los humanos a través de roedores. Esta enfermedad en Chile es considerada endémica, la cual tiene una alta tasa de letalidad. En la actualidad existen estudios que evidencian el contagio entre personas del virus Andes, cuya localidad se concentra en los países de Argentina y Chile. OBJETIVOS: Analizar la posibilidad de transmisión de hantavirus entre humanos, mediante un modelo matemático tipo SEIR. MÉTODOS: Se plantea un modelo matemático tipo SEIR (susceptible, expuesto, infeccioso y recuperado) para expresar la dinámica de la enfermedad por hantavirus, incluyendo la posibilidad de transmisión entre humanos y la percepción del riesgo. Resultados: El máximo de contagio entre humanos disminuye cerca de 25% tras aumentar la percepción de riesgo de las personas, mediante la reducción de la tasa de resistencia al cambio y aumento la velocidad de reaccionar de las personas. CONCLUSIONES: Es urgente revisar las estrategias de comunicación de riesgo y medidas de prevención ante esta posibilidad de contagios masivos entre humanos, además de fortalecer la investigación y proyectar el desarrollo de una vacuna para proteger las poblaciones expuestas a esta enfermedad con alta tasa de letalidad.

INTRODUCTION: Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome is an infection caused by rodents of the Bunyanvirales family towards humans. This disease in Chile is considered endemic, which has a high fatality rate. At present, some studies show the contagion between people of the Andes virus, whose locality is concentrated in Argentina and Chile. OBJECTIVES: Analyze the possibility of hantavirus transmission between humans using an SEIR-type mathematical model. METHODS: An SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious and Recovered) mathematical model to express the dynamics of hantavirus disease is proposed, including the possibility of human-to-human transmission and the perception of risk. RESULTS: The peak of human-to-human contagion decreases by about 25% after increasing people's perception of risk by reducing the rate of resistance to changeand increasing the speed of people's reaction. CONCLUSIONS: It is urgent to review risk communication strategies and prevention measures in the face of this possibility of massive human-tohuman infections, in addition to strengthening research and planning the development of a vaccine to protect populations exposed to this disease with a high fatality rate.

Caracterización y evolución temporal de la mortalidad por zoonosis bajo declaración obligatoria, entre los años 1997 y 2018 / Characterization and temporal evolution of mortality due to zoonoses under mandatory declaration, between the years 1997 and 2018

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las zoonosis son enfermedades transmitidas desde un hospedador animal al ser humano o viceversa. En Chile, las zoonosis de Notificación Obligatoria (NO) son: brucelosis, carbunco, triquinosis, hidatidosis, leptospirosis, dengue, enfermedad de Chagas, hantavirosis y rabia. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la tendencia y caracterizar la mortalidad por zoonosis de NO en Chile entre 1997-2018. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio ecológico de la mortalidad por zoonosis de NO. Se utilizaron bases de mortalidad y población oficiales. Se describió la mortalidad relativa, general y específica, según variables sociodemográficas. Se calcularon tasas de mortalidad anuales brutas (TMb) y ajustadas (TMa, método directo). Se evaluó la tendencia temporal con modelos de regresión de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: Entre 1997 y 2018 la mortalidad por zoonosis de NO correspondió al 0,12% (2.359 muertes) de la mortalidad total, siendo las principales causas la enfermedad de Chagas (59,8%), hidatidosis (23,9%) y hantavirosis (13,8%). La TMa general disminuyó significativamente (B: -0,017; IC95%: -0,024; -0,009) al igual que hidatidosis (B: -0,011; IC95%: -0,013; -0,008), sólo hantavirosis mostró un aumento (no significativo). CONCLUSIÓN: La mortalidad por zoonosis de NO disminuyó durante el período estudiado; solo la hantavirosis mostró un aumento en su tendencia. Se sugiere enfocar estrategias para prevenir la transmisibilidad y mortalidad por hanta, así como mejorar el acceso a tratamiento para las otras zoonosis.

BACKGROUND: Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from an animal host to humans or vice versa. In Chile, the zoonoses of mandatory notification are brucellosis, anthrax, trichinosis, hydatidosis, leptospirosis, dengue, Chagas disease, hantavirosis and rabies. AIM: To assess the trend and characterize the mortality from zoonoses of mandatory notification in Chile between 1997-2018. METHODS: An official mortality and population data were used. Relative, general and specific mortality rates were described according to sociodemographic variables. Crude and adjusted annual mortality rates (direct method) were calculated. Temporal trend was evaluated with the Prais-Winsten regression model. RESULTS: Between 1997 and 2018, the mortality rate due to zoonosis of mandatory notification corresponded to 0.13% (2152 deaths) of the total mortality, being Chagas disease (59.2%), hydatidosis (24.6%) and hantavirosis (13.5%) the main causes. The general adjusted mortality rate decreased significantly (B: -0.017; IC95%: -0.024; -0.009) as did hydatidosis (B: -0.011; IC95%: -0.013; -0.008), and only hantavirosis showed an increase trend (not significant). CONCLUSION: Mortality due to zoonoses decreased during the period; only hantavirosis showed an increasing trend. It is suggested to focus on strategies to prevent contagion and mortality by hantavirosis, as well as to improve access to treatment for the other zoonoses.

Prediction model to discriminate leptospirosis from hantavirus

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to build a prediction model to discriminate precociously hantavirus infection from leptospirosis, identifying the conditions and risk factors associated with these diseases. METHODS: A logistic regression model in which the response variable was the presence of hantavirus or leptospirosis was adjusted. RESULTS: As a result, the method selected the following variables that influenced the prediction formula: sociodemographic variables, clinical manifestations, and exposure to environmental risks. All variables considered in the model presented statistical significance with a p<0.05 value. The accuracy of the model to differentiate hantavirus from leptospirosis was 88.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Concluding that the development of statistical tools with high potential to predict the disease, and thus differentiate them precociously, can reduce hospital costs, speed up the patient's care, reduce morbidity and mortality, and assist health professionals and public managers in decision-making.

Síndrome febril asociado a síntomas gastrointestinales: Hantavirus. Caso Clínico pediátrico / Febrile syndrome associated with gastrointestinal symptoms: Hantavirus. Pediatric Clinical Case

Reportamos el caso de un niño con diagnóstico de Sepsis a foco gastrointestinal que evoluciona de manera desfavorable con compromiso respiratorio. Ya instaurados tratamientos de sostén, se evalúa cuadro clínico en contexto de epidemiología positiva para contacto con roedores, presentando serología Virus Andes reactiva.

We report the case of a child with Sepsis and gastrointestinal focus that evolves unfavorably with respiratory compromise. Once supportive treatments have been established, the clinical picture is evaluated in the context of positive epidemiology for contact with rodents, presenting reactive Andes Virus serology.

Fatores prognósticos associados ao óbito por hantavirose no Brasil, 2007 a 2015 / Prognostic factors associated with death due to hantavirus in Brazil, 2007 to 2015

Objetivo: Analisar fatores associados ao óbito por hantavirose no Brasil. Método: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico analítico do tipo caso-controle aninhado em uma coorte de casos contidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Para a análise bruta univariada, foi realizada regressão logística considerada p<0,20 e, para análise multivariada, foi realizada regressão logística do tipo stepwise-backwards, adotando p<0,05. Resultados: foram identificadas associações significativas com maior letalidade por hantavirose para os seguintes grupos: mulheres (Odds Ratio (OR): 1,43 - IC95% 1,02 a 2,00) para indivíduos com escolaridade não informada (OR: 3,86 ­ IC95% 1,71a 8,66) e ensino fundamental completo (OR: 3,88 - IC95% 1,51 a 9,96). Moradores da zona urbana (OR: 1,56 ­ IC95%. 1,15 a 2,12), indivíduos com choque e/ou hipotensão (OR: 3,37 - IC95% 2,51 a 4,51), sintomas respiratórios, e indivíduos cujo primeiro atendimento foi realizado com até três dias do início de sintoma (OR: 3,76 ­ IC95%: 2,51 a 4,51). Conclusão: algumas características do paciente podem aumentar as chances de óbito principalmente devido à baixa suspeição clínica e a possível demora na adoção do manejo adequado dos casos. A busca precoce de atenção, além da presença choque, hipotensão e/ou sinais respiratórios podem indicar evolução rápida da doença e maior gravidade.

Objetive: to analyze factors associated with death from hantavirus in Brazil. Method: This is an analytical case-control type epidemiological study nested in a cohort of cases contained in the Notifiable Diseases Information System. For the univariate crude analysis, a logistic regression was performed considering p <0.20 and for the multivariate analysis, a stepwise-backwards logistic regression was performed, adopting p <0.05. Results: Significant associations with higher lethality due to hantavirosis were identified for the following groups: women (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.43 - 95% CI 1.02 to 2.00) for individuals with uninformed schooling (OR: 3.86 - IC95% 1.71a 8.66) and complete elementary education (OR: 3.88 - 95% CI 1.51 to 9.96). Urban residents (OR: 1.56 - 95% CI 1.15 to 2.12), individuals with shock and / or hypotension (OR: 3.37 - 95% CI 2.51 to 4.51), respiratory symptoms (OR: 3.76 - 95% CI: 2.51 to 4.51), and individuals whose first care was performed within 3 days from the onset of symptoms. Conclusion: some characteristics of the patient may increase the chances of death mainly due to the low clinical suspicion and possible delay in adopting appropriate management of cases. The early search for attention, in addition to the presence of shock, hypotension and / or respiratory signs may indicate rapid disease progression and greater severity.

Seroprevalence of arenavirus and hantavirus in indigenous populations from the Caribbean, Colombia

Abstract INTRODUCTION: In Colombia, there is insufficient epidemiological surveillance of zoonotic hemorrhagic viruses. METHODS: We performed a sero-epidemiological study in indigenous populations of Wayuü, Kankuamos, and Tuchin communities using Maciel hantavirus and Junin arenavirus antigens for IgG detection by ELISA. RESULTS IgG antibodies to hantavirus and arenavirus were found in 5/506 (1%) and 2/506 (0.4%) serum samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Arenavirus and hantavirus circulate in indigenous populations from the Colombian Caribbean region, and the results indicate that the indigenous populations are exposed to these zoonotic agents, with unknown consequences on their health, despite low seroprevalence.

Synanthropic rodents as virus reservoirs and transmitters

Abstract This review focuses on reports of hepatitis E virus, hantavirus, rotavirus, coronavirus, and arenavirus in synanthropic rodents (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, and Mus musculus) within urban environments. Despite their potential impact on human health, relatively few studies have addressed the monitoring of these viruses in rodents. Comprehensive control and preventive activities should include actions such as the elimination or reduction of rat and mouse populations, sanitary education, reduction of shelters for the animals, and restriction of the access of rodents to residences, water, and food supplies.

Síndrome cardiopulmonar por Hantavirus luego del brote de Epuyén, Argentina: la necesidad de investigar nuevas formas de intervención terapéutica / Cardiopulmonary syndrome due to Hantavirus after the outbreak in Epuyén, Argentina: the need to investigate new forms of therapeutic intervention / Síndrome cardiopulmonar por Hantavírus depois do surto de Epuyén, Argentina: a necessidade de investigar novas formas de intervenção terapêutica

Los Hantavirus son virus con ARN de cadena simple pertenecientes a la familia Bunyaviridae. A diferencia de otros virus de la familia, no tienen artrópodos como vectores; sus hospederos en la naturaleza son roedores y algunos mamíferos pequeños. La transmisión al hombre ocurre por la inhalación de excretas de los animales infectados, rara vez por mordeduras y se ha documentado la posibilidad de transmisión persona a persona. Existen dos formas clínicas de la enfermedad: fiebre hemorrágica con síndrome renal (FHSR) distribuida en Europa y Asia, y síndrome cardiopulmonar por Hantavirus (SCPH), en las Américas. El SCPH se presenta clinicamente en cuatro fases: incubación, prodrómica, cardiopulmonar y convalescencia. En el laboratorio es frecuente el hallazgo de trombocitopenia, junto con otros cambios hematológicos y bioquímicos. El diagnóstico se realiza por la detección de anticuerpos o PCR. Recientemente en Epuyén, Provincia de Chubut, Argentina, ocurrió un brote que afectó a 34 personas con 12 muertes asociado a la transmisión interpersonal. Se revisa la situación actual con respecto al tratamiento y las posibilidades futuras de intervención. Aunque se trate de una enfermedad con una baja prevalencia, la alta tasa de letalidad y el alto impacto emocional y económico que sufren las localidades afectadas hacen necesario seguir investigando la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas de tratamiento.

Hantaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the Bunyaviridae family. Unlike other viruses in the family, they do not have arthropods as vectors; their hosts in the wild are rodents and some small mammals. Human transmission takes place through inhalation of excreta from infected animals, rarely from bites, and the possibility of person-to-person transmission has been documented. There are two clinical forms of the disease: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) distributed in Europe and Asia, and cardiopulmonary Hantavirus syndrome (HCPS) distributed in the Americas. The HCPS presents clinically in four phases: incubation, prodromal, cardiopulmonary and convalescence. In the laboratory, a thrombocytopenia is common, together with other hematological and biochemical changes. Diagnosis is made through the detection of antibodies or PCR. Recently, in Epuyén, Province of Chubut, Argentina, an outbreak occurred, affecting 34 people with 12 deaths associated with interpersonal transmission. The current situation is reviewed with respect to the treatment and the future possibilities of intervention. Although it is a disease with a low prevalence, the high rate of lethality and the high emotional and economic impact suffered by the affected areas make it necessary to continue investigating in search of new treatment alternatives.

Os Hantavírus são vírus RNA de cadeia simples pertencentes à família Bunyaviridae. Diferente de outros vírus da família, não têm artrópodes como vetores; seus anfitrões na natureza são roedores e alguns mamíferos pequenos. A transmissão para o homem acontece através da inalação de excrementos dos animais infectados, raras vezes por mordeduras e foi documentada a possibilidade de transmissão de pessoa para pessoa. Existem duas formas clínicas da doença: febre hemorrágica com síndrome renal (FHSR) distribuída na Europa e Ásia, e síndrome cardiopulmonar por Hantavírus (SCPH), nas Américas. O SCPH apresenta-se clinicamente em quatro fases: incubação, prodrômica, cardiopulmonar e convalescença. No laboratório é frequente o achado de trombocitopenia, junto a outras mudanças hematológicas e bioquímicas. O diagnóstico é realizado pela detecção de anticorpos ou PCR. Recentemente em Epuyén, Província de Chubut, Argentina, houve um surto que afetou 34 pessoas com 12 mortes associado à transmissão interpessoal. Revê-se a situação atual relativa ao tratamento e às possibilidades futuras de intervenção. Embora se trate de uma doença com uma baixa prevalência, a alta taxa de letalidade e o alto impacto emocional e econômico que sofrem as localidades afetadas tornam necessário continuar investigando em busca de novas alternativas de tratamento.

Síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus / Hanta syndromevirus cardiopulmonary

Introducción: En el ámbito mundial las enfermedades infecciosas son la segunda causa de muerte en el presente siglo. La epidemiología de las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes y reemergentes plantean desafíos a la clínica y a la salud pública en general, tal es el caso del síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus. Objetivo: Actualizar los conocimientos sobre la vigilancia epidemiológica del microorganismo responsable y documentar a los profesionales de la salud. Métodos: Revisión de artículos de investigación referentes al síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus en el presente siglo. Se realizaron búsquedas en las fuentes de indexación Scopus, SciELO, Medline, Latindex, Bireme, Google. Lilacs, PubMed sobre el microorganismo, patogenia, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusiones: La emergencia y reemergencia de este síndrome con alta letalidad debe ser de dominio de clínicos, pediatras, intensivistas, epidemiólogos y los médicos de la atención primaria para su prevención, diagnóstico precoz y conducta oportuna. La vigilancia epidemiológica es fundamental(AU)

Introduction: Infectious diseases are globally the second cause of death in this century. The epidemiology of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases poses clinical and public health challenges in general; such is the home of Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Objective: Updating information on the epidemiological surveillance of the causing microorganism and provide said knowledge to health professionals. Methods: Reviewing research articles related to cardiopulmonary syndrome by Hantavirus conducted in the present century. Researches were carried out about the microorganism, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment in the indexing sources Scopus, SciELO, Medline, Latindex, Bireme, Google, Lilacs and PubMed. Conclusions: The emergence and reemergence of this highly lethal syndrome should be known by clinicians, pediatricians, intensive care staff, epidemiologists and primary care physicians for prevention, early diagnosis and timely treatment. Epidemiological surveillance is essential(AU)

Sobrevida de pessoas com hantavirose diagnosticadas no Estado do Paraná, Brasil / Survival of persons with hantavirus infection diagnosed in Paraná State, Brazil / Supervivencia de personas con hantavirus diagnosticadas en el estado de Paraná, Brasil

Resumo: Hantavirose é uma doença emergente e com impacto na saúde pública. Por apresentar sinais e sintomas inespecíficos e facilmente confundidos com outras doenças, seu prognóstico poderia ser melhorado por meio do conhecimento de fatores que pudessem contribuir para seu desfecho. O estudo objetivou identificar os fatores associados ao tempo de sobrevivência em pessoas com hantavirose. Trata-se de um estudo com casos confirmados de hantavirose de janeiro/1992 a junho/2016 do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Cada caso apresentou dois desfechos competitivos possíveis: óbito ou cura. Para a análise de sobrevivência foi utilizado um modelo de riscos competitivos e as probabilidades dos desfechos estimadas pelo estimador de Aalen-Johansen. A medida de associação foi a razão de riscos (RzRiscos), com respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Dos 280 indivíduos com hantavirose, 107 (38,21%) evoluíram para o óbito, 161 (57,5%) para a cura e 12 (4,29%) foram censurados. O modelo final de sobrevivência foi composto por uso de respirador mecânico para o óbito (RzRiscos = 2,86; IC95%: 1,76-4,64; p = 0,00002), sinais hemorrágicos para o óbito (RzRiscos = 2,86; IC95%: 1,69-4,84; p = 0,00009) e para a cura (RzRiscos = 0,66; IC95%: 0,45-0,95; p = 0,03), cefaleia para a cura (RzRiscos = 1,99; IC95%: 1,12-3,54; p = 0,02) e menor de 20 anos para a cura (RzRiscos = 1,73; IC95%: 1,05-2,84; p = 0,03). Sinais hemorrágicos e uso de respirador mecânico são fatores relacionados com a gravidade dos casos e não oportunizam tempo suficiente para reverter o desfecho. No entanto, esses sinais de gravidade corroboram o argumento da importância da suspeição oportuna, permitindo um manejo clínico adequado a fim de reduzir a letalidade.

Abstract: Hantavirus infection is an emerging disease with public health impact. Since the signs and symptoms are nonspecific and easily confused with those of other diseases, the prognosis could be improved by knowledge of the factors potentially contributing to the outcome. The study aimed to identify the factors associated with survival time in persons with hantavirus infection. This was a study of confirmed cases of hantavirus infection from January 1992 to June 2016 in Paraná State, Brazil. Each case presented two possible competitive outcomes: death or cure. Survival analysis used a competitive risks model and outcome probabilities estimated by the Aalen-Johansen estimator. The measure of association was the hazards ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Of the 280 individuals with hantavirus infection, 107 (38.21%) evolved to death, 161 (57.5%) to cure, and 12 (4.29%) were censored. The final survival model consisted of the use of mechanical ventilation for death (HR = 2.86; 95%CI: 1.76-4.64; p = 0.00002), hemorrhagic signs for death (HR = 2.86; 95%CI: 1.69-4.84; p = 0.00009) and for cure (HR = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.45-0.95; p = 0.03), headache for cure (HR = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.12-3.54; p = 0.02), and age under 20 years for cure (HR = 1.73; 95%CI: 1.05-2.84; p = 0.03). Hemorrhagic signs and use of mechanical ventilation are factors associated with the severity of cases and do not allow sufficient time to reverse the outcome. However, these signs of severity corroborate the argument of the importance of timely suspicion, allowing adequate clinical management to reduce case-fatality.

Resumen: El hantavirus es una enfermedad emergente y con impacto en la salud pública. Por presentar señales y síntomas inespecíficos, y fácilmente confundidos con otras enfermedades, su pronóstico podría ser mejor gracias al conocimiento de factores que pudiesen contribuir a su resultado. El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores asociados al tiempo de supervivencia en personas con hantavirus. Se trata de un estudio con casos confirmados de hantavirus de enero/1992 a junio/2016 del estado de Paraná, Brasil. Cada caso presentó dos desenlaces competitivos posibles: óbito o cura. Para el análisis de supervivencia se utilizó un modelo de riesgos competitivos y las probabilidades de los resultados se estimaron mediante el estimador de Aalen-Johansen. La medida de asociación fue la razón de riesgos (RzRiscos), con sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). De los 280 individuos con hantavirus, 107 (38,21%) evolucionaron hacia el óbito, 161 (57,5%) hacia la cura y 12 (4,29%) fueron censurados. El modelo final de supervivencia estuvo compuesto por el uso de respirador mecánico para el óbito (RzRiscos = 2,86; IC95%: 1,76-4,64; p = 0,00002), señales hemorrágicas para el óbito (RzRiscos = 2,86; IC95%: 1,69-4,84; p = 0,00009) y para la cura (RzRiscos = 0,66; IC95%: 0,45-0,95; p = 0,03), cefalea para la cura (RzRiscos = 1,99; IC95%: 1,12-3,54; p = 0,02) y menor de 20 años para la cura (RzRiscos = 1,73; IC95%: 1,05-2,84; p = 0,03). Las señales hemorrágicas y uso de respirador mecánico son factores relacionados con la gravedad de los casos y no destinar tiempo suficiente para revertir el desenlace. No obstante, estas señales de gravedad corroboran el argumento de la importancia de la sospecha oportuna, permitiendo un manejo clínico adecuado, con el fin de reducir la letalidad.

Rodent-borne viruses survey in rural settlers from Central Brazil

Anthropogenic environmental changes arising from settlement and agriculture include deforestation and replacement of natural vegetation by crops providing opportunities for pathogen spillover from animals to humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of rodent-borne virus infections in seven rural settlements from Midwestern Brazil. Of the 466 individuals tested 12 (2.57%) were reactive for orthohantavirus and 3 (0.64%) for mammarenavirus. These rural settlers lived under unfavorable infrastructure, socioeconomic disadvantages, and unsanitary conditions, representing a risk for rodent-borne infections. Development of public policies towards the improvement of health, sanitation and awareness of rodent-borne diseases in improvised camps and settlements is imperative, in order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by these diseases.

Conocimientos y prácticas asociadas a transmisión de triquinelosis, hanta y equinococosis quística / Knowledge and practices associated with transmission of trichinellosis, hanta and cystic equinococcosis

RESUMEN Objetivo: Asociar el nivel de conocimiento y prácticas (hábitos y costumbres) responsables de la transmisión de Triquinelosis, Síndrome Cardiopulmonar por Hantavirus y Equinococosis quística (Hidatidosis), en habitantes de los sectores rurales. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal en el que se aplicó una encuesta a 149 habitantes residentes en el área rural de las localidades de Curacautín, Lonquimay y Melipeuco, a través de muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, durante los meses de diciembre 2013 a enero 2014. Resultados: La población posee mejores conocimientos de Triquinelosis y Hanta que Hidatidosis, 64,9, 72,8 y 39,3%, respectivamente; los hábitos y costumbres para Hanta e Hidatidosis alcanzan mejores prácticas (84% cada una) que para Triquinelosis (69,5%); la población reconoce correctamente reservorio, fuente de infección y mecanismos de transmisión en Triquinelosis y Hanta, pero en menor grado Hidatidosis; respecto de los hábitos y costumbres, aun desconociendo los fundamentos teóricos, reportan buenas prácticas, aunque mantienen algunas que favorecen la transmisión de infecciones predominantemente en Triquinelosis. Conclusión: El nivel de conocimiento no asegura buenas prácticas, además los conocimientos y prácticas siguen un patrón empírico más que cognitivo, respaldados por aspectos culturales y del entorno. Esto sugiere mayor participación de los equipos interdisciplinarios en comunidades aisladas para fortalecer la promoción, educación y refuerzo de las buenas prácticas de acuerdo con sus condiciones sociales e incentivar la adherencia a conductas que reduzcan el riesgo de la transmisión de zoonosis.

ABSTRACT Objective: To associate the level of knowledge and practices (habits and customs) responsible for the transmission of trichinellosis, Hanta and cystic echinococcosis (hydatidosis), among rural population. Material and method: Cross-sectional correlational descriptive study in which 149 residents of the rural areas of Curacautín, Lonquimay and Melipeuco were surveyed, using non-probability convenience sampling from December 2013 to January 2014. Results: The population has better knowledge of trichinellosis and Hanta than hydatidosis, 64.9%, 72.8 and 39.3% respectively; they also have better practices regarding Hanta and hydatidosis (84% each) than regarding trichinellosis (69.5%). The population recognizes correctly the reservoir, source of infection and transmission mechanisms of trichinellosis and Hanta, and to a lesser degree hydatidosis; they report good practices regarding habits and customs, even ignoring theoretical foundations, but maintain some practices that favor the transmission of infections related to trichinellosis. Conclusion: The level of knowledge does not ensure good practices. Additionally, knowledge and practices follow an empirical rather than cognitive pattern, rooted on cultural and environmental aspects. This suggests greater participation of interdisciplinary teams in isolated communities to strengthen the promotion, education and reinforcement of good practices in accordance with their social conditions and to encourage adherence to behaviors that reduce the risk of the transmission of zoonoses.

Magnitude e distribuição dos óbitos por hantavirose no Brasil, 2007-2015 / Magnitud y distribución de las muertes por hantavirose no Brasil, 2007-2015 / Magnitude and distribution of deaths due to hantavirus in Brazil, 2007-2015

Objetivo: descrever a magnitude e a distribuição temporal e espacial dos casos e óbitos por hantavirose no Brasil, de 2007 a 2015. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan). Resultados: foram notificados 1.060 casos e 410 óbitos no período; a letalidade por hantavirose foi de 39,0%, variando segundo mês (de 28,6% em novembro a 50,7% em dezembro), sexo (37,4% no masculino e 42,6% no feminino), idade (maior letalidade em idosos e crianças) e regiões nacionais (46,2% no Norte, 32,9% no Sul); a maioria dos indivíduos que morreram morava em zona urbana (58,3%) e foi infectada na zona rural (70,2%). Conclusão: a alta letalidade em certos grupos populacionais, meses do ano e regiões do Brasil aponta para baixa suspeição clínica da doença em grupos pouco expostos, o que pode comprometer seu manejo adequado.

Objetivo: describir la magnitud y la distribución temporal y espacial de los casos y muertes por hantavirus en Brasil, de 2007 a 2015. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, con datos del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación (Sinan). Resultados: se notificaron 1.060 casos y 410 muertes en este período; la mortalidad por hantavirus fue 39,0%, variando por mes (28,6% en noviembre a 50,7% en diciembre), sexo (37,4% en el masculino y 42,6% en el femenino), edad (mayor letalidad en ancianos y niños) y regiones nacionales (46,2% en el Norte, 32,9% en el Sur); la mayoría de los individuos que murieron vivían en zona urbana (58,3%) y se infectaron en la zona rural (70,2%). Conclusión: la alta letalidad en ciertos grupos poblacionales, meses del año y regiones de Brasil apuntan a baja sospecha clínica de la enfermedad en grupos poco expuestos, lo que puede comprometer su manejo adecuado.

Objective: to describe the magnitude and temporal and spatial distribution of hantavirus cases and deaths in Brazil between 2007 and 2015. Methods: descriptive study with data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Results: 1,060 cases and 410 deaths were reported in the period; hantavirus lethality was 39.0%, varying according to month (from 28.6% in November to 50.7% in December), sex (37.4% in males and 42.6% in females), age (higher lethality in the elderly and children) and Brazilian regions (46.2% in the North, 32.9% in the South); most of the individuals who died lived in urban areas (58.3%) and were infected in rural area (70.2%). Conclusion: high lethality in certain population groups, months of the year and regions of Brazil point to low clinical suspicion of the disease in groups with low exposure, which may compromise proper case management.

First serologic evidence of human hantavirus infection in Alagoas State in Northeastern Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is rare in Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Prospective surveillance was conducted over a two-year period in Alagoas State, Northeastern Brazil. The prevalence of anti-hantavirus N-antigen IgM and IgG in human serum samples was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing. RESULTS: High avidity IgG was found in nine of 476 serum samples tested (from 102 patients with clinical manifestations compatible with HCPS, 124 patients with leptospirosis, and 250 healthy rural workers). CONCLUSIONS: Serologic evidence of past hantavirus infection in residents of Alagoas State indicates that hantaviruses are present in northeastern Brazil, even in areas silent for HCPS.

Seropositivity diagnosis for hantavirus in Jataí, Goiás State, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Emerging diseases are of great interest, especially those associated with high mortality rates such as hantaviruses. We aimed to conduct a seroepidemiological survey to determine the levels of hantavirus infection. METHODS: In-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect specific antibodies. RESULTS: Of the 429 samples collected, seropositivity of 3.9% to anti-hantavirus immunoglobulin G (IgG) was observed (CI 95%: 2.3-5.7). Moreover, in three cases, immunoglobulin M (IgM) was detected, of which two were diagnosed as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate the considerable occurrence of previous hantavirus infections, highlighting occurrences from sub-clinical cases to HCPS.

Panorama comparativo de estratégias preventivas da dengue e hantavirose nos municípios mato-grossenses / Dengue and hantaviruses preventive strategies comparative in Mato Grosso municipalities / Comparacion de estrategias preventivas del dengue y hantavirus en ciudades de Mato Grosso

A hantavirose, doença emergente e endêmica no Mato Grosso, assim como a dengue, apresenta alto risco de complicações e óbito, sendo importante o estabelecimento de ações estratégicas de prevenção. Objetivou-se comparar as estratégias preventivas implementadas para hantavirose em comparação com a dengue nos municípios endêmicos para esses agravos em Mato Grosso, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, documental e descritivo sobre as ações preventivas para dengue e SPH nos municípios mato-grossenses que registraram casos dessas doenças. Os resultados permitiram verificar que as estratégias adotadas pelos municípios eram fragmentadas e concentravam-se em ações voltadas preferencialmente para dengue, em detrimento da importância endêmica da hantavirose e de seus impactos. Concluiu-se que a comparação das estratégias preventivas implementadas em Mato Grosso para a hantavirose e a dengue mostrou a priorização da dengue nos municípios endêmicos, demonstrando que a doença de maior incidência é considerada prioritária em relação àquela de maior letalidade.

Hantavirus, an emerging and endemic disease in Mato Grosso, as well as dengue, presents a high risk of complications and death, and it is important to establish strategic preventive actions. The objective was to compare the preventive strategies implemented for Hantavirus in comparison to dengue in municipalities endemic to these diseases in Mato Grosso, Brazil. This is a quantitative, documentary and descriptive study about the preventive actions for dengue and HPS in the municipalities of Mato Grosso that have reported cases of these diseases. The results allowed us to verify that the strategies adopted by the municipalities were fragmented and focused on actions directed preferentially to dengue, to the detriment of the endemic importance of Hantaviruses and its impacts. It was possible to conclude that the comparison of the preventive strategies implemented in Mato Grosso for Hantavirus and dengue showed the prioritization of dengue in endemic municipalities, demonstrating that the disease with the highest incidence is considered a priority in relation to the one with the highest lethality.

El hantavirus, enfermedad emergente y endémica en Mato Grosso, así como el dengue, presenta un alto riesgo de complicaciones y muerte, siendo importante el establecimiento de acciones estratégicas de prevención. Objetivóse comparar las estrategias preventivas implementadas para hantavirus en comparación con el dengue en los municipios endémicos para esos agravios en Mato Grosso, Brasil. Tratase de un estudio cuantitativo, documentario y descriptivo sobre las acciones preventivas para dengue y SPH en los municipios del Mato Grosso que registraron casos de esas enfermedades. Los resultados permitieron verificar que las estrategias adoptadas por los municipios eran fragmentadas y se concentraban en acciones dirigidas preferentemente al dengue, en detrimento de la importancia endémica del hantavirus y de sus impactos. Concluyóse que la comparación de las estrategias preventivas implementadas en Mato Grosso para el hantavirus y el dengue mostró la priorización del dengue en los municipios endémicos, demostrando que la enfermedad de mayor incidencia es considerada prioritaria en relación a la de mayor letalidad.